Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Ingria shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Ingria offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Ingria at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Ingria? Wrong! If the Ingria is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Ingria then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Ingria? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Ingria and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Ingria wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Ingria then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Ingria site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Ingria, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Ingria, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
For the Italian municipality, see Ingria, Italy. For the brachiopod genus, see Ingria (brachiopod).
parishes in the
Saint Petersburg Governorate ca. 1900.Based on Räikkönen, Erkki.
Heimokirja. Helsinki: Otava, 1924.
Ingria (, , , ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in
Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the
Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the west, and
Lake Ladoga and boggy plain to the south of it in the east. The traditional border with Finnish Karelia followed the Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast) in North-West on
Karelian Isthmus. Historically Ingria was populated by the Finnic peoples of
Izhorians,
Votes, and later also Ingrian Finns and Estonian people. It was russified in the 1930s.
The Russian Orthodox Izhorians, along with the
Votes, are the
indigenous people of historical Ingria (
Inkeri in
Finnish language). However, after the Swedish conquest the
Ingrian Finns, descendants of 17th century
Lutheranism emigrants from present-day
Finland became the majority in Ingria.
Ingria as a whole never formed a state (cf., however,
North Ingria); the Ingrians can hardly be said to have been a
nation, although their "
nationality" was recognized in the Soviet Union, and as an
ethnic group the Ingrians (
Izhorians) have almost died out together with their
Ingrian language. But many people still recognize their Ingrian
Cultural heritage.Kurs, Ott (1994). Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland.
GeoJournal 33.1, 107-113.
The historic Ingria covers approximately the same area as Gatchinsky District,
Kingiseppsky District, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast,
Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast,
Tosnensky District,
Volosovsky District and Vsevolozhsky District districts of modern
Leningrad Oblast as well as the city of
Saint Petersburg.
History
(1539)In the
Viking age–late
Iron Age, from the 750s and on,
Staraya Ladoga was a bridgehead on the
Varangian trade route to Eastern Europe. A Varangian aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over
Novgorod and
Kievan Rus'. In the 860s, the warring
Finnic and Slavic peoples tribes rebelled under
Vadim the Bold, but later asked the Varangians under Rurik to return and to put an end to the recurring conflicts between them.
The ancient
Novgorodian land of
Vod was called
Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria". Folk etymology traces its name to Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Olof of Sweden (995–1022). Upon her marriage to Yaroslav I the Wise in 1019, she was given the lands around Ladoga as a marriage gift. They were administered by Swedish jarls, such as
Ragnvald Ulfsson under the sovereignty of the Novgorod Republic.
In the 12th century, Western Ingria was absorbed by the Republic. There followed centuries of
Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, chiefly between Russia and
Sweden, but often involving
Denmark and
Teutonic Knights as well. The latter established a stronghold in the town of
Narva, followed by the Russian castle Ivangorod on the opposite side of the Narva River in 1492.
Swedish Ingria
Ingria became a Dominions of Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the
Treaty of Teusina (1595), and after the Ingrian War again ceded to Sweden in the
Treaty of Stolbova (1617). Sweden's interest in the territory was strategic: the area was a buffer zone against Russian attacks on the
Karelian Isthmus and present-day Finland; and Russian Baltic trade had to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees. The townships of
Ivangorod, Jama (now Kingisepp), Caporie (now
Koporye) and Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg) became the centres of the four Ingrian counties (
län).
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the total population was counted as 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce
Lutheranism were met with repugnance by the majority of the
Russian Orthodoxy peasantry, who were obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were mostly due to voluntary resettlements by Finns from Savonia and Finnish Karelia (mostly from
Äyräpää).Matley, Ian M. (1979). The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns.
Slavic Review 38.1, 1-16. The proportion of Lutheran Finns in Ingria (
Ingrian Finns) made up 41.1% in 1656, 53.2% in 1661, 55.2% in 1666, 56.9% in 1671 and 73.8% in 1695, the remainder being mostly
Izhorians and Votes
Inkeri. Historia, kansa, kulttuuri. Edited by Pekka Nevalainen and Hannes Sihvo. Helsinki 1991. Ingermanland was enfeoffed to
Swedish nobility military and state officials, who brought their own Lutheran servants and workmen.
Nyenschantz became the trading centre of Ingria, and in 1642 was made its administrative centre. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to
Narva.
Russian Ingria
in 1900
In the early 1700s the area was reconquered by
Russia in the Great Northern War after having been in Sweden possession for about 100 years. Near the place of the Swedish town
Nyen, close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian
capital Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703.
Peter I of Russia raised Ingria to the status of duchy with
Prince Menshikov as its first (and last) duke. In 1708, Ingria was designated governorate (
Ingermanland Governorate in 1708-1710,
Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710-1914,
Petrograd Governorate in 1914-1924,
Leningrad Governorate in 1924-1927).
In 1870, printing of the first Finnish language newspaper
Pietarin Sanomat started in Ingria. Before that Ingria received newspapers mostly from Vyborg. The first public library was opened in 1850 in Tyrö. The largest of the libraries, situated in Skuoritsa, had more than 2,000 volumes in the second half of the 19th century. In 1899 the first song festival in Ingria was held in Puutosti (Skuoritsa).
By 1897 (year of the
Russian Empire Census) the number of
Ingrian Finns had grown to 130,413, by 1917 it had exceeded 140,000 (45,000 in Northern Ingria, 52,000 in Central (Eastern) Ingria and 30,000 in Western Ingria, the rest in
Petrograd).
From 1868 Estonian people began to migrate to Ingria as well. In 1897 the number ofEstonians inhabiting the St. Petersburg Governorate reached64,116 (12,238 of them in
St. Petersburg itself), by 1926 it had increased to 66,333 (15,847 of them in Leningrad).
As to
Izhorians, in 1834 there were 17,800 of them, in 1897 -- 21,000, in 1926 -- 26,137. About 1000 Ingrians lived in the area ceded to Estonia under the
Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian) (1920).
Parishes of Haapakangas, Keltto, Lempaala,
Mikkulainen,
Rääpyvä,
Toksova, Valkeasaari, Vuole (North Ingria),
Hevaa,
Hietamäki, Inkere,
Skuoritsa, Spankkova, Tuutari,
Tyrö,
Venjoki (Central Ingria) and
Soikkola (West Ingria) had purely
Finnic peoples population as late as in the beginning of the 20th century.Aminoff, Torsten G.
Karjala Lännen etuvartiona. 700-vuotinen taistelu Karjalasta. Helsinki: Otava, 1943.
Ingria and Soviet Russia
In 1920 under the Russian-Estonian
Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian) a small part of West Ingria was joined to the
Republic of Estonia.
After the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, the
Republic of North Ingria (
Pohjois Inkeri) declared its independence from Russia with the support of
Finland and with the aim to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish) it was re-integrated into Russia, but enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy.
At its height in the 1920s, there were about 300 Finnish language schools and 10 Finnish language newspapers in Ingria.
The
First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 114,831 LeningradFinns, as Ingrian Finns were called. The 1926 census also showed that the
Russian people population of central Ingria had outnumbered the Finnic peoples living there, but in Northern Ingria
Ingrian Finns formed the majority. . Its westernmost portions lie in Ingria
The Izhorian language in the early 1930s was taught in the schools of the Soikino Peninsula and the area around the mouth of the Luga River.
In 1928
collectivization in the USSR started in Ingria. To facilitate it, in 1929-1931, 18,000 people (4320 families), kulaks (independent peasants) from North Ingria, were deported to East Karelia, the
Kola Peninsula as well as Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
The situation for the Ingrian Finns deteriorated further when in the fall of 1934 the Border Security Zone of Russia along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by
NKVD. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable.Martin, Terry (1998). The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing.
The Journal of Modern History 70.4, 813-861. On
March 251935,
Genrikh Yagoda authorized a large-scale deportation targeting Estonian, Latvian people and Finnish kulaks and
lishentsy residing in the border regions near Leningrad. About 7,000 people (2,000 families) were deported from Ingria to Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Ural (region). In May and June of 1936 the entire 20,000 Finnish population of the parishes of
Valkeasaari, Lempaala,
Vuole and
Miikkulainen near the Finnish border were resettled to the areas around
Cherepovets and Siberia in the next wave of deportations. In Ingria they were replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly
Russian people, but also
Ukrainian people and Tatar people.
In 1937 Lutheran churches and Finnish and Izhorian schools in Ingria were closed down and publications and radio broadcasting in Finnish and Izhorian were suspended.
Both Ingrian Finnish and Izhorian populations all but disappeared from Ingria during the Soviet period. 63,000 fled to
Finland during World War II, and were required back by
Joseph Stalin after the war. Most became victims of Soviet population transfers and many executed as "enemies of the people". The remainder, including some post-Stalin returnees (it was not until 1956 that some of the deported were allowed to return to their villages), were outnumbered by Russian people immigration.
The 1959 census recorded 1062 Izhorians; in 1979 that number had fallen to 748, only 315 of them around the mouth of the Luga River and on the Soykino Peninsula. According to the
Soviet Census (1989), there were 829 Izhorians, 449 of them in Russia (including other parts of the country) and 228 in Estonia.
After the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, surviving Ingrian Finns and their Russified descendants have been
right of return#Finland. This has led to the birth of a sizable
Russophone minority in Finland.
See also
- Military history of Ingria during World War II
- Saint Petersburg Governorate
- Leningrad Oblast
References
Further reading
- Kurs, Ott (1994). Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland. GeoJournal 33.1, 107-113.
- Site of the Ingrian Cultural Society in Helsinki
For the Italian municipality, see Ingria, Italy. For the brachiopod genus, see Ingria (brachiopod).
parishes in the
Saint Petersburg Governorate ca. 1900.Based on Räikkönen, Erkki.
Heimokirja. Helsinki: Otava, 1924.
Ingria (, , , ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in
Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the
Gulf of Finland, the
Narva River,
Lake Peipsi in the west, and
Lake Ladoga and boggy plain to the south of it in the east. The traditional border with
Finnish Karelia followed the
Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast) in North-West on Karelian Isthmus. Historically Ingria was populated by the Finnic peoples of
Izhorians,
Votes, and later also Ingrian Finns and
Estonian people. It was russified in the 1930s.
The
Russian Orthodox Izhorians, along with the Votes, are the indigenous people of historical Ingria (
Inkeri in
Finnish language). However, after the Swedish conquest the
Ingrian Finns, descendants of 17th century
Lutheranism emigrants from present-day
Finland became the majority in Ingria.
Ingria as a whole never formed a state (cf., however, North Ingria); the Ingrians can hardly be said to have been a
nation, although their "
nationality" was recognized in the
Soviet Union, and as an
ethnic group the Ingrians (Izhorians) have almost died out together with their Ingrian language. But many people still recognize their Ingrian Cultural heritage.Kurs, Ott (1994). Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland.
GeoJournal 33.1, 107-113.
The historic Ingria covers approximately the same area as
Gatchinsky District,
Kingiseppsky District, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Tosnensky District,
Volosovsky District and Vsevolozhsky District districts of modern Leningrad Oblast as well as the city of
Saint Petersburg.
History
(1539)In the Viking age–late
Iron Age, from the 750s and on,
Staraya Ladoga was a bridgehead on the
Varangian trade route to
Eastern Europe. A Varangian
aristocracy developed, that would ultimately rule over Novgorod and Kievan Rus'. In the 860s, the warring
Finnic and
Slavic peoples tribes rebelled under
Vadim the Bold, but later asked the Varangians under Rurik to return and to put an end to the recurring conflicts between them.
The ancient
Novgorodian land of
Vod was called
Ingermanland by the Swedes, Latinized to "Ingria".
Folk etymology traces its name to
Ingegerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king
Olof of Sweden (995–1022). Upon her marriage to
Yaroslav I the Wise in 1019, she was given the lands around Ladoga as a marriage gift. They were administered by Swedish
jarls, such as Ragnvald Ulfsson under the sovereignty of the
Novgorod Republic.
In the 12th century, Western Ingria was absorbed by the Republic. There followed centuries of
Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, chiefly between Russia and
Sweden, but often involving Denmark and Teutonic Knights as well. The latter established a stronghold in the town of Narva, followed by the Russian castle
Ivangorod on the opposite side of the Narva River in 1492.
Swedish Ingria
Ingria became a Dominions of Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the Treaty of Teusina (1595), and after the
Ingrian War again ceded to Sweden in the
Treaty of Stolbova (1617). Sweden's interest in the territory was strategic: the area was a
buffer zone against Russian attacks on the
Karelian Isthmus and present-day Finland; and Russian Baltic trade had to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees. The townships of
Ivangorod, Jama (now Kingisepp), Caporie (now Koporye) and Nöteborg (now
Shlisselburg) became the centres of the four Ingrian counties (län).
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the total population was counted as 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce Lutheranism were met with repugnance by the majority of the Russian Orthodoxy peasantry, who were obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were mostly due to voluntary resettlements by Finns from Savonia and Finnish Karelia (mostly from Äyräpää).Matley, Ian M. (1979). The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns.
Slavic Review 38.1, 1-16. The proportion of Lutheran Finns in Ingria (Ingrian Finns) made up 41.1% in 1656, 53.2% in 1661, 55.2% in 1666, 56.9% in 1671 and 73.8% in 1695, the remainder being mostly
Izhorians and
VotesInkeri. Historia, kansa, kulttuuri. Edited by Pekka Nevalainen and Hannes Sihvo. Helsinki 1991. Ingermanland was enfeoffed to
Swedish nobility military and state officials, who brought their own Lutheran servants and workmen.
Nyenschantz became the trading centre of Ingria, and in 1642 was made its administrative centre. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to
Narva.
Russian Ingria
in 1900
In the early 1700s the area was reconquered by Russia in the Great Northern War after having been in Sweden possession for about 100 years. Near the place of the Swedish town
Nyen, close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian
capital Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703.
Peter I of Russia raised Ingria to the status of duchy with
Prince Menshikov as its first (and last) duke. In 1708, Ingria was designated governorate (
Ingermanland Governorate in 1708-1710,
Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710-1914,
Petrograd Governorate in 1914-1924,
Leningrad Governorate in 1924-1927).
In 1870, printing of the first Finnish language newspaper
Pietarin Sanomat started in Ingria. Before that Ingria received newspapers mostly from Vyborg. The first public library was opened in 1850 in Tyrö. The largest of the libraries, situated in Skuoritsa, had more than 2,000 volumes in the second half of the 19th century. In 1899 the first song festival in Ingria was held in Puutosti (Skuoritsa).
By 1897 (year of the Russian Empire Census) the number of Ingrian Finns had grown to 130,413, by 1917 it had exceeded 140,000 (45,000 in Northern Ingria, 52,000 in Central (Eastern) Ingria and 30,000 in Western Ingria, the rest in
Petrograd).
From 1868 Estonian people began to migrate to Ingria as well. In 1897 the number ofEstonians inhabiting the
St. Petersburg Governorate reached64,116 (12,238 of them in St. Petersburg itself), by 1926 it had increased to 66,333 (15,847 of them in Leningrad).
As to
Izhorians, in 1834 there were 17,800 of them, in 1897 -- 21,000, in 1926 -- 26,137. About 1000 Ingrians lived in the area ceded to Estonia under the Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian) (1920).
Parishes of
Haapakangas,
Keltto, Lempaala,
Mikkulainen, Rääpyvä,
Toksova,
Valkeasaari, Vuole (North Ingria), Hevaa, Hietamäki,
Inkere, Skuoritsa,
Spankkova, Tuutari,
Tyrö, Venjoki (Central Ingria) and
Soikkola (West Ingria) had purely Finnic peoples population as late as in the beginning of the 20th century.Aminoff, Torsten G.
Karjala Lännen etuvartiona. 700-vuotinen taistelu Karjalasta. Helsinki: Otava, 1943.
Ingria and Soviet Russia
In 1920 under the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian) a small part of West Ingria was joined to the Republic of Estonia.
After the 1917
October Revolution in Russia, the
Republic of North Ingria (
Pohjois Inkeri) declared its independence from Russia with the support of Finland and with the aim to be incorporated into Finland. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish) it was re-integrated into
Russia, but enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy.
At its height in the 1920s, there were about 300 Finnish language schools and 10 Finnish language newspapers in Ingria.
The
First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 114,831 LeningradFinns, as Ingrian Finns were called. The 1926 census also showed that the Russian people population of central Ingria had outnumbered the Finnic peoples living there, but in Northern Ingria Ingrian Finns formed the majority. . Its westernmost portions lie in Ingria
The
Izhorian language in the early 1930s was taught in the schools of the Soikino Peninsula and the area around the mouth of the
Luga River.
In 1928
collectivization in the USSR started in Ingria. To facilitate it, in 1929-1931, 18,000 people (4320 families),
kulaks (independent peasants) from North Ingria, were deported to East Karelia, the Kola Peninsula as well as
Kazakhstan and
Central Asia.
The situation for the Ingrian Finns deteriorated further when in the fall of 1934 the Border Security Zone of Russia along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by
NKVD. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable.Martin, Terry (1998). The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing.
The Journal of Modern History 70.4, 813-861. On
March 251935,
Genrikh Yagoda authorized a large-scale deportation targeting Estonian, Latvian people and Finnish
kulaks and lishentsy residing in the border regions near Leningrad. About 7,000 people (2,000 families) were deported from Ingria to Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the
Ural (region). In May and June of 1936 the entire 20,000 Finnish population of the parishes of
Valkeasaari, Lempaala, Vuole and
Miikkulainen near the Finnish border were resettled to the areas around Cherepovets and Siberia in the next wave of deportations. In Ingria they were replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly
Russian people, but also Ukrainian people and Tatar people.
In 1937 Lutheran churches and Finnish and Izhorian schools in Ingria were closed down and publications and radio broadcasting in Finnish and Izhorian were suspended.
Both Ingrian Finnish and Izhorian populations all but disappeared from Ingria during the Soviet period. 63,000 fled to
Finland during World War II, and were required back by
Joseph Stalin after the war. Most became victims of
Soviet population transfers and many executed as "enemies of the people". The remainder, including some post-Stalin returnees (it was not until 1956 that some of the deported were allowed to return to their villages), were outnumbered by Russian people immigration.
The 1959 census recorded 1062 Izhorians; in 1979 that number had fallen to 748, only 315 of them around the mouth of the
Luga River and on the Soykino Peninsula. According to the
Soviet Census (1989), there were 829 Izhorians, 449 of them in Russia (including other parts of the country) and 228 in Estonia.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, surviving Ingrian Finns and their Russified descendants have been
right of return#Finland. This has led to the birth of a sizable Russophone minority in Finland.
See also
- Military history of Ingria during World War II
- Saint Petersburg Governorate
- Leningrad Oblast
References
Further reading
- Kurs, Ott (1994). Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland. GeoJournal 33.1, 107-113.
- Site of the Ingrian Cultural Society in Helsinki
Ingria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ingria (Finnish: Inkeri or Inkerinmaa, Russian: Ижора or Ингерманландия, Swedish: Ingermanland, Estonian: Ingeri or Ingerimaa) is a historical region of Russia ...
Category:Ingria - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "Ingria" The following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total.
Ancestry I Ingria
This page: Ingria is currently being updated The Christian name Ingria is Finnish in origin and means Heros Daughter As a first name, and usually given to a Female.
K0975 - Gren55/7 Ingria et Carelia
Charts and maps. Back GREN55/7 Gren55/7 Ingria et Carelia (Repro ID: K0975 © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London) Click anywhere in the image to magnify that part ...
GeoNative - Ingria
Ingrian placenames, from the GeoNative website.
Swedish Ingria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ingria, or Ingermanland, was a dominion of Sweden from 1580 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1719, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad.
Ingria (Russia)
Description of the flag The colours were taken from the Ingrian arms of Swedish times: Yellow-red-blue. The proportions were 22:36 (8-1-4-1-8:10-1-4-1-20), acording to Anderson ...
Evangelical Lutheran Church Of Ingria In Russia
Page Has Moved. Please Read! We have created a new ilc-online.org web site, and therefore the document or site you are seeking may have a new web address.
KUNSTKAMERA Ingria
T he word "Ingria" dates back to the name of the XVII c. Swedish province that became a part of Russia in 1721. To this day Finno-Ugric peoples live on this territory:
Ingria - Wiktionary
Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary
